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(2CEU, Issued March 2023, Course Expires March 31, 2026) This review presents data from the literature focusing on opioids’ action on the central and peripheral nervous systems and subsequent influence on local anesthetics. By Edward Ruvins, DDS, MS, MBA, MSF, MSAC; Mark Stein, DDS, MD; Susanna Kayserman, DDS; and Katie G. Brydon, LCSW, LAC, MAC, EMDR-c
This course was issued in March 2023 and expires March 2026. The authors have no commercial conflicts of interest to disclose. This 2 credit hour self-study activity is electronically mediated.